Estimating mortality and disability in Peru before the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of the Disease Study 2019.

Background: Estimating and analyzing trends and patterns of health loss are essential to promote efficient resource allocation and improve Peru's healthcare system performance. Methods: Using estimates from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD), Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (2019), we assessed mortality and disability in Peru from 1990 to 2019. We report demographic and epidemiologic trends in terms of population, life expectancy at birth (LE), mortality, incidence, prevalence, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) caused by the major diseases and risk factors in Peru. Finally, we compared Peru with 16 countries in the Latin American (LA) region. Results: The Peruvian population reached 33.9 million inhabitants (49.9% women) in 2019. From 1990 to 2019, LE at birth increased from 69.2 (95% uncertainty interval 67.8-70.3) to 80.3 (77.2-83.2) years. This increase was driven by the decline in under-5 mortality (-80.7%) and mortality from infectious diseases in older age groups (+60 years old). The number of DALYs in 1990 was 9.2 million (8.5-10.1) and reached 7.5 million (6.1-9.0) in 2019. The proportion of DALYs due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) increased from 38.2% in 1990 to 67.9% in 2019. The all-ages and age-standardized DALYs rates and YLLs rates decreased, but YLDs rates remained constant. In 2019, the leading causes of DALYs were neonatal disorders, lower respiratory infections (LRIs), ischemic heart disease, road injuries, and low back pain. The leading risk factors associated with DALYs in 2019 were undernutrition, high body mass index, high fasting plasma glucose, and air pollution. Before the COVID-19 pandemic, Peru experienced one of the highest LRIs-DALYs rates in the LA region. Conclusion: In the last three decades, Peru experienced significant improvements in LE and child survival and an increase in the burden of NCDs and associated disability. The Peruvian healthcare system must be redesigned to respond to this epidemiological transition. The new design should aim to reduce premature deaths and maintain healthy longevity, focusing on effective coverage and treatment of NCDs and reducing and managing the related disability.

Relationship between the gingival biotype and the results of root covering surgical procedures: A systematic review.

Background: Tissue biotypes are related to the results of periodontal therapy, conventional prosthodontics, implant therapy and root covering procedures. We conducted a systematic review (SR) of the literature about the relationship between the gingival biotype and the results of root covering surgical procedures. Material and Methods: A PICO question was defined. Two independent reviewers conducted electronic and manual literature searches, which covered studies up to August 31, 2020, in the National Library of Medicine (PubMed MEDLINE), EBSCO, Science Direct and Cochrane. The inclusion criteria were all root covering procedures in individuals with different gingival biotypes. The final result of the different surgical techniques was evaluated by the Root Coverage Esthetic Score (RES). The Methodological Index for the identification of biases for Non-Randomized Studies was applied. Results: Only four articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria. These studies adequately reported the percentage of root coverage after surgery, and two recorded the entire RES index. Complete root coverage was achieved in a range between 70 - 86.12% in patients with thin biotype and between 77.8 - 96% in patients with a thick biotype. The aesthetic results were not compromised by the initial classification of the biotype. The treatments used were subepithelial connective tissue graft with coronally displaced flap or its modification. No significant differences were found. Conclusions: When the gingival biotypes are analyzed as independent variables, none of the root coverage procedures are affected by the classification of the gingival biotype. Key words:Root coverage, gingival recession, gingival biotype.

Tendências de Mortalidade por Câncer Bucal no Brasil por Regiões e Principais Fatores de Risco / Trends in Oral Cancer Mortality in Brazil by Region and main Risk Factors / Tendencias de la Mortalidad por Cáncer Bucal en Brasil por Región y Principales Factores de Riesgo

Introdução: O câncer bucal ainda é destacado como preocupante problema de saúde pública. Objetivo: Verificar a tendência de mortalidade por câncer bucal por Região brasileira e fatores de risco, avaliando o intervalo de tempo entre o diagnóstico e o tratamento. Método: Estudo com dados secundários do DATASUS (taxa de mortalidade e tempo para tratamento) e do Vigitel (consumo de álcool e cigarro); análises de séries temporais e correlações entre taxas de mortalidade (2010-2019) e consumo de álcool e cigarro (2010-2019), para idade superior a 40 anos, e análise descritiva do tempo entre diagnóstico e tratamento. Resultados: Houve aumento da tendência de câncer bucal por Regiões e sexo, com predominância para o sexo masculino. A variação percentual anual (VPA) da ingestão de álcool e o uso de cigarro foram considerados estacionários na maioria das Regiões analisadas. Ao correlacionar as variáveis, verificou-se correlação estatisticamente significativa entre taxa de mortalidade (2010-2019) e percentual de consumo de álcool (p=0,011; r=0,957), percentual de consumo de cigarro (p=0,019; r=0,936) e taxa bruta de mortalidade em homens (2019) (p=0,005; r=0,97). Verificou-se que, na maioria dos casos (74%), o tempo para início do tratamento é de mais de 60 dias. Conclusão: Embora o consumo de álcool e o tabagismo sejam fatores de risco para o câncer bucal, o presente estudo concluiu que houve aumento da mortalidade por câncer e os fatores de risco analisados permaneceram estacionários. O início de tratamento foi maior do que 60 dias a partir do diagnóstico. Palavras-chave: neoplasias bucais/mortalidade; tabagismo; consumo de bebida alcoólica; estudos de séries temporais; saúde pública

Introduction: Oral cancer still stands out as a concerning public health issue. Objective: Verify the trend of oral cancer mortality by Brazilian regions and risk factors, evaluating the time interval between diagnosis and treatment. Method: Study with secondary data from DATASUS (mortality rate and time to treatment) and Vigitel (alcohol and cigarette use). Time series analyzes and correlations were performed among mortality rates (2010-2019) and alcohol and cigarette use (2010-2019) for over 40 years of age. Descriptive analysis of the time between diagnosis and treatment was also performed. Results: There was an increase in the tendency to oral cancer by region and sex, with a predominance of males. The annual percentage change (APC) of alcohol intake and cigarette use was considered stationary in most regions analyzed. When correlating the variables, there was a statistically significant correlation for mortality rate (2010-2019) and percentage of alcohol use (p=0.011; r=0.957), percentage of cigarette use (p=0.019; r=0.936) and crude mortality rate in men (2019) (p=0.005; r=0.97). It was found that most cases (74%) take more than 60 days to start treatment. Conclusion: Although alcohol and tobacco use are risk factors for oral cancer, the present study showed an increase in cancer mortality and stationary for the risk factors analyzed. The beginning of the treatment was over 60 days after diagnosis

Introducción: El cáncer oral todavía se destaca como un problema de salud pública preocupante. Objetivo: Verificar la tendencia de la mortalidad por cáncer bucal por región brasileña y factores de riesgo, evaluando el intervalo de tiempo entre el diagnóstico y el tratamiento. Método: Estudio con datos secundarios de DATASUS (tasa de mortalidad y tiempo de tratamiento) y Vigitel (consumo de alcohol y cigarrillos). Se realizaron análisis de series de tiempo y correlaciones entre las tasas de mortalidad (2010-2019) y el consumo de alcohol y cigarrillos (2010-2019) para los mayores de 40 años. También se realizó un análisis descriptivo del tiempo transcurrido entre el diagnóstico y el tratamiento. Resultados: Hubo un incremento en la tendencia al cáncer bucal por región y sexo, con predominio del sexo masculino. El cambio porcentual anual (APV) de la ingesta de alcohol y el consumo de cigarrillos se consideró estacionario en la mayoría de las regiones analizadas. Al correlacionar las variables, hubo una correlación estadísticamente significativa para tasa de mortalidad en hombres (2010- 2019) y porcentaje de consumo de alcohol para hombres (p=0,011; r=0,957), porcentaje de consumo de cigarrillos en hombres (p=0,019; r=0,936) y tasa bruta de mortalidad en hombres (2019) (p=0,005; r=0,97). Se encontró que la mayoría de los casos (74%) demoran más de 60 días en comenzar el tratamiento. Conclusión: Aunque el consumo de alcohol y el tabaquismo son factores de riesgo para el cáncer oral, el presente estudio mostró un aumento en la mortalidad por cáncer y estacionario para los factores de riesgo analizados. Hubo un alto porcentaje de inicio del tratamiento durante 60 días después del diagnóstico

Análisis bibliométrico sobre la producción científica de Chile en Oncología entre los años 2010 y 2019 / Bibliometric analysis of Chilean scientific production about oncology in the period 2010-2019

Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar la producción científica chilena sobre Oncología indexada en Clarivate Web of Science desde el año 2010 hasta 2019. Se realizó un estudio bibliométrico en el que se efectuó la recuperación retrospectiva de documentos, utilizando una estrategia de búsqueda basada en etiquetas de campo de categoría y país, aplicando además el filtro de fechas. Se identificaron 1 266 documentos, 590 de ellos fueron artículos originales. El idioma principal de las publicaciones fue el inglés; se contabilizaron 182 revistas en las que fueron publicados los artículos, entre las cuales Journal of Clinical Oncology presentó la mayor cantidad de trabajos publicados, con 117 documentos. Los autores chilenos han publicado en colaboración con autores de otros 101 países; entre ellos, Estados Unidos fue el que obtuvo el mayor número de colaboraciones (474 publicaciones). La institución chilena con más publicaciones fue la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, con 364 artículos. El tipo de cáncer más estudiado se relacionó con el sistema digestivo. Se concluye que la producción científica chilena en Oncología ha aumentado sistemáticamente en el periodo 2010-2019, y tiende a incrementar en gran medida el número de publicaciones de artículos originales, principalmente en idioma inglés, ya que facilita la colaboración internacional. A pesar de la amplia cooperación de investigadores e instituciones chilenas y la alta productividad en el área, no existen investigadores o instituciones chilenas que sean responsables de los artículos más citados, por lo cual el impacto de la ciencia y de las publicaciones realizadas en Chile sigue siendo bajo, por lo que resulta necesario potenciar el trabajo de los investigadores chilenos(AU)

The purpose of the study was to analyze Chilean scientific production about oncology indexed in Clarivate Web of Science from 2010 to 2019. A bibliometric analysis was performed which included retrospective retrieval of documents applying a search strategy based on field labels for category and country, as well as a date filter. A total 1 266 documents were identified, 590 of which were original articles. English was the most common language of publication. Articles were retrieved from 182 journals, among which the Journal of Clinical Oncology had the largest number of published articles, with 117. Chilean authors have published in collaboration with authors from another 101 countries, the largest number of them from the United States, with 474 publications. The most productive Chilean institution was the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, with 364 articles. Gastrointestinal cancer was the type most commonly addressed. It is concluded that Chilean scientific production about oncology has systematically increased in the period 2010-2019, and tends to considerably increase the number of original articles published, mainly in English, to foster international collaboration. Despite the great cooperation of Chilean researchers and institutions and the high productivity in the area, articles by Chilean researchers and institutions were not among the most citated, as a result of which the impact of Chilean science and publications continues to be low. It is therefore necessary to strengthen the work of Chilean researchers(AU)

El rol de la vitamina D sobre el riesgo de SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 parte II: Requerimientos de vitamina D en niños, niñas y adolescentes

RESUMEN El objetivo de esta revisión narrativa fue analizar los resultados de la literatura recientemente publicada sobre el rol de la vitamina D y su posible asociación con los mecanismos de acción sobre el COVID-19 en niños, niñas y adolescentes para lo cual se consultaron las bases de datos: Medline/Pubmed, CENTRAL, Scopus, SciELO y el motor de búsqueda Google Académico en abril del 2021. La estrategia de búsqueda se realizó combinando el uso de los operadores booleano AND y OR, utilizando las siguientes palabras: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Vitamin; Vitamin D; Deficiency; Pediatrics. Child; Adolescent. Las recomendaciones de diversas organizaciones sugieren una suplementación de entre 400 a 1.000 UI/día para mantener u obtener un nivel sérico suficiente (>30 ng/ml) en niños, niñas y adolescentes, sugiriendo la evidencia una posible relación entre los estados de insuficiencia (<30 ng/ml) con la incidencia y evolución del cuadro clínico del COVID-19. Esta revisión narrativa concluye la existencia de una probable asociación entre la insuficiencia de vitamina D con la incidencia y evolución del cuadro clínico COVID-19, aun cuando estas asociaciones son controversiales producto de la escasa evidencia para la población estudiada. Se requiere de más estudios clínicos aleatorizados que permitan tomar decisiones clínicas.

ABSTRACT The objective of this narrative review was to analyze the results of the recently published literature on the role of vitamin D and its possible association with the mechanisms of action on COVID-19 in children and adolescents. The following databases were consulted: Medline / Pubmed, CENTRAL, Scopus, SciELO and the Google Scholar search engine in April 2021. The search strategy was carried out combining the use of Boolean operators ("AND", "OR") using the following words: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Vitamin; Vitamin D; Deficiency; Pediatrics. Child; Adolescent. The recommendations of various organizations suggest a supplementation of between 400 to 1.000 IU / day to maintain or obtain a sufficient serum level (> 30 ng / ml) in children and adolescents, the evidence suggesting a possible relationship between insufficiency states (<30 ng / ml) with incidence and evolution of COVID-19. This narrative review concludes that there is a probable association between vitamin D insufficiency with the incidence and evolution of COVID-19, even when these associations are controversial as a result of the scant evidence for the population studied. More randomized clinical trials are required to allow clinical decisions to be made.

Autopercepción y condición de salud bucal en el anciano / Self-perception of oral health in the elderly and oral health condition

Introducción: Debido al aumento en la esperanza de vida y, en consecuencia, al aumento en el número de personas mayores, la asociación entre los estados de salud se vuelve relevante en términos de salud pública, ya que además de los años vividos, la calidad de vida de estos pacientes es importante. Objetivo: Evaluar la autopercepción y el estado de salud bucal en personas mayores. Métodos: Estudio observacional, de corte transversal (enero-julio del 2019) en el que se realizaron cuestionarios GOHAI (índice de evaluación de la salud oral geriátrica) y el cuestionario sobre el tipo, el tiempo de uso y la limpieza de las prótesis dentales, el cáncer oral y los datos socioeconómicos. La presencia de posibles lesiones orales también se evaluó mediante examen clínico. Los sujetos incluidos en la muestra eran ancianos (60 años o más) que asistían a las unidades de salud de Aracaju. Resultados: Participaron 55 mujeres y ocho hombres. Al evaluar el índice de evaluación de la salud oral geriátrica, se verificó que el 47,6 por ciento de la muestra tenía una mala percepción de la salud oral. Se encontraron asociaciones entre el índice de evaluación de la salud oral geriátrica entre la última visita al dentista, la adaptación de la prótesis dental y las heridas bucales (p < 0,05). Las lesiones orales más prevalentes fueron mucosa rojiza o irritada (35,7 por ciento) y eritroplasia (14,2 por ciento) y se detectó que el 76 por ciento de las prótesis tenían grietas o suciedad. El 77,7 por ciento de los participantes en el estudio solo utilizaban dentífrico como material de limpieza de la prótesis. Conclusión: La salud bucal autopercibida y las condiciones de salud bucal de los ancianos evaluados se consideraron deficientes, se observa la presencia de prótesis mal adaptadas y agrietadas, además de mucositis(AU)

Introduction: due to the increase in life expectancy and, consequently, to the increase in the number of elderly people, the association between health states becomes relevant in terms of public health, since in addition to the lived years the quality of life of these patients is important. Objective: evaluate the self-perception of oral health and check the oral health condition of the elderly. Methods: observational cross-sectional study (January to July / 2019) in which questionnaires were the GOHAI (Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index) questionnaire and questionnaire about type, time of use and cleaning of dental prostheses, oral cancer and socioeconomic data. The presence of possible oral lesions was also assessed by clinical examination. The subjects included in the sample were elderly (60 years or older) attending the Aracaju Health Units. Results: fifty-five were female and eight male. When evaluating the Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index, it is verified that 47.6 percent of the sample has poor self-perception of oral health. Associations were found between GOHAI Index for last visit to the dentist, dental prosthesis adaptation and mouth wound (p < 0.05). The most prevalent oral lesions were reddish or irritated mucosa (35.7 percent), followed by erythroplakia (14.2 percent), 76 percent of the prostheses had cracks or dirt. About the cleaning of the protests, 77.7 percent use only dentifrice as cleaning material. Conclusion: self-perceived oral health and oral health conditions of the elderly evaluated were considered poor, in the presence of poorly adapted and cracked prostheses, in addition to mucositis(AU)

El rol de la vitamina D sobre el riesgo de SARS-CoV2/COVID-19 parte I: Revisión narrativa

RESUMEN El objetivo de esta revisión fue actualizar la evidencia sobre el rol de la vitamina D y sus posibles mecanismos de acción sobre el COVID-19. En la actualidad se han planteado múltiples beneficios pleiotrópicos asociados a la vitamina D entre los que se ha sugerido un posible efecto inmunomodulador con potencial antiinflamatorio sobre infecciones virales respiratorias como el SARS-CoV-2 responsable de la pandemia COVID-19. En este sentido, la evidencia científica actual plantea una posible asociación entre la insuficiencia de vitamina D (4.000 UI/día, solo respaldando estas recomendaciones en condiciones de riesgo en poblaciones con niveles insuficientes confirmados. Esta revisión concluye que los diversos países como Chile cuya disponibilidad de alimentos ricos en vitamina D son escasos deben procurar suministrar alimentos para combatir la inseguridad alimentaria y alta prevalencia de estados deficitarios relacionados con la incidencia del COVID-19, por tanto para países cuyas medidas sanitarias impidan a la población disponer de alimentos que permitan obtener o mantener niveles suficientes (>30 ng/ml), se sugiere una suplementación de entre 400 a 2.000 UI/día de vitamina D. No obstante, estas asociaciones aún son controversiales por lo que se requiere de más estudios clínicos aleatorizados para tomar decisiones clínicas.

ABSTRACT The objective of this review was to update the evidence on the role of vitamin D and its possible mechanisms of action on COVID-19. At present, multiple pleiotropic benefits associated with vitamin D have been suggested, among which a possible immunomodulatory effect with anti-inflammatory potential has been suggested on respiratory viral infections such as SARS-CoV-2, responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. In this sense, current scientific evidence raises a possible association between vitamin D insufficiency ( 4.000 IU/day, only supporting these recommendations in risk conditions in populations with confirmed insufficient levels. This review concludes that in the various countries, such as Chile, whose availability of foods rich in vitamin D is scarce should try to supply food to combat food insecurity and vitamin deficiencies related to the incidence of COVID-19. For countries whose sanitary measures prevent the population from having food that allows obtaining or maintaining sufficient levels (>30 ng/ml), supplementation between 400 and 2.000 IU/day of vitamin D is suggested. However, these associations are still controversial, more randomized clinical trials are needed to make clinical decisions.

Effect of Human Development Index and other socioeconomic factors on mortality-to-incidence ratio of lips and oral cavity cancer in Mexican states: an ecological study.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the association between the Human Development Index (HDI) and covariates on the mortality-to-incidence ratio (MIR) of lips and oral cavity cancer (LOCC) in Mexico. DESIGN: Ecological study. SETTING: Data from 32 Mexican states for year 2019. PARTICIPANTS: Data set of male and female populations from Mexico. EXPOSURES: Socioeconomic conditions based on HDI and covariates related to healthcare system capacity (total health spending per capita, school dropout and ratio of medical personnel in direct contact with patients). PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: MIR of LOCC by state and sex was calculated from the Global Burden of Disease Study website for year 2019. Data for calculating HDI 2019 by state and covariates were obtained from the National Institute of Statistics and Geography. A multiple regression model was constructed to measure the effects of HDI and covariates on LOCC-MIR. RESULTS: Among the states with the highest HDI (>0.780), Colima had the highest aged-standardised rates per 100.000 in men for incidence (5.026) and mortality (3.118). The greatest burden of the disease was found on men, with the highest Men:Women MIR in Colima (3.10) and Baja California Sur (2.73). The highest MIR (>0.65) was found among the states with the lowest HDI (Oaxaca and Chiapas). For each unit of increase of the HDI there was a decrease in the LOCC- MIR of -0.778, controlling for the covariates. The most suitable regression model explained the 57% (F (p): 0.000) of the variance. CONCLUSIONS: Men were most affected by LOCC in Mexican states. The highest MIRs of LOCC were found in the states with the highest HDI. But a worse prognosis of the disease, expressed as a higher MIR, is expected in contexts with lower HDI in the country, even with lower MIRs.

Enjuagues bucales con carbohidratos y su efecto en el rendimiento de carreras contrarreloj: Revisión sistemática / Carbohydrate mouthwashes and their effect on running time trial performance: Systematic review

Resumen Introducción: Actualmente, los efectos del enjuague bucal con carbohidratos sobre el rendimiento son controvertidos, algunos estudios plantean efectos ergogénicos, mientras que otros no han reportado efecto luego de suministrar enjuague bucal con carbohidratos. Objetivo: Determinar si existe evidencia científica que avale los distintos protocolos de enjuagues bucales con carbohidratos y su efecto sobre el rendimiento deportivo en carreras de ciclismo contrarreloj. Materiales y métodos: se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica entre el 2015 y 2019 en las bases de datos Medline, Biblioteca Cochrane y Scopus utilizando los términos Carbohydrates, Mouth rinse y Athletic performance. Resultados: Se revisaron 96 estudios y se seleccionaron 7 en diversos grupos poblacionales, con diferentes métodos de evaluación y diversas dosis de enjuague con carbohidratos. Los resultados obtenidos fueron controversiales, en algunos casos se demostró efecto ergogénico y en otros no. Conclusiones: Los efectos de los enjuagues bucales con carbohidratos son controvertidos, por lo que no se puede asegurar que provoquen mejoras de rendimiento en carreras de ciclismo contrarreloj. Se requiere de más estudios aleatorizados controlados que logren homogeneizar e identificar los mecanismos de acción específicos mediante el cual los enjuagues bucales con carbohidratos actúan sobre distintas poblaciones de estudio.

Abstract Introduction: Currently, the effects of carbohydrate mouthwash use on sports performance are controversial. While some studies have shown ergogenic effects, others have not demonstrated any advantage. Objective: To determine whether there is scientific evidence to support the different protocols for carbohydrate mouthwashes use and their effect on sports performance in cycling races time trial. Materials and methods: A search of literature published between 2015 and 2019 was conducted in the Medline, Cochrane Library, and Scopus databases using the terms Carbohydrates, Mouth rinses and Athletic performance. Results: 7 out of 96 reviewed studies were selected, which included different population groups, evaluation methods, and doses of rinsing carbohydrates. The results obtained on the impact of carbohydrate mouthwashes on sport performance were controversial as only some studies demonstrated an ergogenic effect. Conclusions: As the effects of carbohydrate mouthwashes are debatable, it cannot be assured that they improve performance in different cycling races time-trial. More randomized controlled studies are required to homogenize and identify the specific action mechanisms through which carbohydrate mouthwashes act on different study populations.

Remineralizing Effect of Xilitol, Juniperus Communis and Camellia Sinensis Added to a Toothpaste: An In Vitro Study / Efecto remineralizante del Xilitol, Juniperus Communis y Camellia Sinensis adicionados en pastas dentales: Estudio in vitro

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to explore the remineralizing effect of toothpastes based on Xilitol, Camellia Sinensis and Juniperus Communis. An in vitro experimental study was carried out in an 18 human premolars sample, which were treated with one of the 3 evaluated toothpastes and a control fluoride one. The atomic percentages of Ca and P were evaluated by Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). In addition, the enamel surface of treated teeth was visualized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The evaluations were carried out in three stages: pre-treatment, after an artificial demineralization process and after the treatment with the toothpastes. In the statistical analysis, the one-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation tests were used. Xilitol and Juniperus Communis showed the greatest gain of P ions compared to the control group (p<0.01). As for Ca, the group treated with xylitol-based toothpaste showed more ion gain compared with the control group (p<0.01). In the Pearson correlation test between Ca and P, statistically significant correlations were observed in all groups (p<0.01), ranging between r=0.7413 (Xylitol Group) and r=0.9510 (Control Group). We concluded that Xylitol paste showed the highest remineralizing property, both in the EDS analysis and in the SEM images.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este studio fue explorer el efecto remineralizante de las cremas dentales compuestas de Xilitol, Camelia Sinensis y Juniperus Communis. Se llevó a cabo un estudio experimental in vitro en una muestra de 18 premolares humanos, los cuales fueron tratados con una de las tres pastas dentales evaluadas y una fluorada. Los porcentajes atomicos de Ca y P fueron evaluados por Espectroscopia de rayos X de energía dispersive (EDS). Además, la superficie del esmalte de los dientes tratados fue examinada por Microscopia Electronica de Barrido (SEM). Las evaluaciones fueron llevadas a cabo en tres etapas: pre-tratamiento, despues de un proceso artificial de desmineralizacion y después del tratamiento con las pastas dentales. Se usaron ANOVA de una via y correlacion de Pearson para el analisis estadistico. Xilitol y Juniperus Communis mostraron la mayor ganancia de iones P comparados con el grupo control (p<0.01), con rangos entre r=0.7413 (Grupo con Xylitol) and r=0.9510 (Group Control). Se concluyó que la pasta con Xilitol mostró las mayores propiedades remineralizantes, tanto en el analisis EDS y las imágenes SEM.

Erratum to "Relationship between the Human Development Index and its Components with Oral Cancer in Latin America" [J Epidemiol Global Health 9(4), 2019, 223-232].

DOI of original article: https://doi.org/10.2991/jegh.k.191105.001.

Relationship between the Human Development Index and its Components with Oral Cancer in Latin America.

To evaluate the relationship between the Human Development Index (HDI) and its components with oral cancer (OC) in Latin America. Ecological study in 20 Latin American countries in 2010 and 2017, which evaluated the relationship between the Age-Standardized Rates (ASRs) of incidence and mortality from oral cancer and the following indicators: HDI, with its components (income, education, and health indexes); and the Gini and Theil-L indexes. Among the countries with the highest HDI, men from Brazil and Cuba had the highest incidence and mortality ASRs per 100,000 inhabitants (ASR incidence >7.5 and mortality >4.5). Among those with the lowest HDI, Haiti was the most affected country (ASR incidence >4.1 and mortality >3.0). The highest male:female ratio was in Paraguay in both years (incidence >3.5 and mortality >4.0). Mortality from oral cancer is negatively related to the global HDI in both years, with regression coefficients (95% confidence interval) being -5.78 (-11.77, 0.20) in 2010 and -5.97 (-11.38, -0.56) in 2017; and separate (independent) from the income [-4.57 (-9.92, 0.77) in 2010 and -4.84 (-9.52, -0.17) in 2017] and health indexes [-5.81 (-11.10, -0.52) and -6.52 (-11.32, -1.72) in 2017] (p < 0.05) in the countries with lower HDI. Oral cancer incidence and mortality rates vary both among and within Latin American countries according to sex, with a greater burden on men. The HDI is negatively related to mortality from oral cancer in the countries of medium and low HDI.

[Effect of risk factor control policies on oral cancer mortality in Latin America]. / Efecto de las políticas de control de factores de riesgo sobre la mortalidad por cáncer oral en América Latina.

OBJECTIVE: Mortality from oral cancer, the prevalence of the main risk factors and the implementation of policies to control current trends and the distribution of data among the countries of Latin America. The objective of this study was to describe the trends of mortality from oral cancer between 2000 and 2017, by sex, in 20 countries in Latin America, and to know the effect of measures to control tobacco consumption and alcohol consumption on the Mortality from oral cancer. METHODS: Ecological study that evaluates the relationship between the rates standardized by the age of cancer by oral sex, the prevalence of tobacco consumption and alcohol consumption, and the implementation of control policies. To calculate the annual percentage change of the rates, the Prais-Winsten regression was used; and the effect of measures of control of risk factors on oral cancer mortality is assessed by Spearman correlations. RESULTS: The greatest decreases in oral cancer mortality were in men in Brazil (APC -7.83, -14.25,-0.93). Mortality from cancer the oral relationship between men and the prevalence of tobacco consumption and alcohol consumption (r = 0.358, r 0.537) (p <0.01), and between the non-implementation of control policies of smoking (r = 0.738) (p= 0.003), the restrictions on the hours and days of sale of alcohol (r = 0.777, p = 0.001), and the states on sponsorship and promotion of alcohol sales (r =0.739 , p =0.040). CONCLUSIONS: The effect of the implementation of control policies is evidenced by a greater relationship with oral cancer mortality in the countries with the least progress in their execution.

OBJETIVO: La mortalidad por cáncer oral, la prevalencia de los principales factores de riesgo y la implementación de las políticas para su control presentan tendencias y distribución desiguales entre los países de América Latina. El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir las tendencias de la mortalidad por cáncer oral entre 2000 y 2017, según sexos, en 20 países de América Latina, y conocer el efecto de las medidas de control del consumo de tabaco y el consumo de alcohol sobre la mortalidad por cáncer oral. METODOS: Estudio ecólogico que evaluó la relación entre las tasas estandarizadas por edad del fallecimiento por cáncer oral según el sexo, la prevalencia del consumo de tabaco y del consumo de alcohol,y la implementación de las políticas de control. Para calcular la variación porcentual de cambio anual de las tasas, se usó la regresión Prais-Winsten; y el efecto de las medidas de control de los factores de riesgo sobre la mortalidad por cáncer oral se evalúo mediante correlaciones de Spearman. RESULTADOS: Los mayores descensos en la mortalidad por cáncer oral fueron en los hombres de Brasil (APC -7,83; -14,25; -0,93). La mortalidad por cáncer oral mostró relación positiva entre hombres y la prevalencia del consumo de tabaco y del consumo de alcohol (r=0,358, r=0,537) (p<0,01), y entre la no implementación de las políticas de control de tabaquismo (r=0,738) (p=0,003), las restricciones en los horarios y días de venta de alcohol (r=0,737, p=0,001), y los reglamentos sobre patrocinio y promoción de venta de alcohol (r=0,739, p=0,040). CONCLUSIONES: El efecto de la implementación de las políticas de control se evidencia en una mayor relación con la mortalidad por cáncer oral en los países con menor avance en su ejecución.

Tendencias de la mortalidad por cáncer oral y el efecto de las políticas públicas de prevención en América Latina / Trends in oral cancer mortality and the effect of preventive policies across Latin America

OBJETIVO: Describir las tendencias de la mortalidad por cáncer oral entre 2000 y 2017 por sexos en 20 países de América Latina, e identificar los efectos de las políticas implementadas para controlar de los factores de riesgo. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio ecólogico que evaluó la relación entre las tasas estandarizadas por edad de mortalidad por cáncer oral según el sexo, la prevalencia de tabaquismo y consumo de alcohol y la implementación de las políticas públicas de control. RESULTADOS: Los hombres de Cuba y Brasil muestran las más altas tasas de mortalidad en la región. Los descensos más importantes se presentan en los hombres de Brasil y en las mujeres de Panamá. Son pocas las tendencias al aumento, aunque éstas se evidencian especialmente entre las mujeres. La implementación de las medidas de control de factores de riesgo, en cuanto a tabaco, alcohol, infecciones virales, programas de detección temprana y tratamiento, muestra avances desiguales entre los países. Se observó una mayor relación entre la mortalidad por cáncer oral con el consumo de tabaco en los contextos de menor implementación de las políticas, y el consumo de alcohol en los escenarios de mayor avance. CONCLUSIÓN: La mortalidad por cáncer oral afecta especialmente a los hombres de la región, lo que se puede asociar a la distribución de los factores etiológicos y avances desiguales de los países en la implementación de las medidas preventivas. Se requiere profundizar en investigación subnacional de seguimiento, y fortalecer la prevención y tratamiento con estrategias validas para cada contexto.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the trends in oral cancer mortality between 2000 and 2017 by sex in 20 countries in Latin America, and identify the effects of the policies that were implemented to control associated risk factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An ecological study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between age-standardized rates of oral cancer mortality by sex, the prevalence of smoking and alcohol consumption, and the implementation of public control policies. RESULTS: Men in Cuba and Brazil show the highest mortality rates in the region. The most important decreases occurred among Brazilian men and Panamanian women. There are only a few cases of increasing trends, although these are especially evident among women. The implementation of risk factor control measures, in terms of tobacco, alcohol, viral infections, early detection programs and treatment, have progressed unevenly in different countries. A strong relationship was observed between oral cancer mortality and tobacco consumption in countries with limited policy implementation; and with alcohol consumption in countries with advanced implementation. CONCLUSION: Oral cancer mortality especially affects men in the region, which can be associated with the distribution of etiological factors and unequal advances in countries in the implementation of preventive measures. It is necessary to further develop subnational follow-up research and strengthen prevention and treatment measures with valid strategies, adapted for each context.

Efecto de las políticas de control de factores de riesgo sobre la mortalidad por cáncer oral en América Latina / Effect of risk factor control policies on oral cancer mortality in Latin America

OBJETIVO: La mortalidad por cáncer oral, la prevalencia de los principales factores de riesgo y la implementación de las políticas para su control presentan tendencias y distribución desiguales entre los países de América Latina. El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir las tendencias de la mortalidad por cáncer oral entre 2000 y 2017, según sexos, en 20 países de América Latina, y conocer el efecto de las medidas de control del consumo de tabaco y el consumo de alcohol sobre la mortalidad por cáncer oral. MÉTODOS: Estudio ecólogico que evaluó la relación entre las tasas estandarizadas por edad del fallecimiento por cáncer oral según el sexo, la prevalencia del consumo de tabaco y del consumo de alcohol,y la implementación de las políticas de control. Para calcular la variación porcentual de cambio anual de las tasas, se usó la regresión Prais-Winsten; y el efecto de las medidas de control de los factores de riesgo sobre la mortalidad por cáncer oral se evalúo mediante correlaciones de Spearman. RESULTADOS: Los mayores descensos en la mortalidad por cáncer oral fueron en los hombres de Brasil (APC -7,83; -14,25; -0,93). La mortalidad por cáncer oral mostró relación positiva entre hombres y la prevalencia del consumo de tabaco y del consumo de alcohol (r=0,358, r=0,537) (p<0,01), y entre la no implementación de las políticas de control de tabaquismo (r=0,738) (p=0,003), las restricciones en los horarios y días de venta de alcohol (r=0,737, p=0,001), y los reglamentos sobre patrocinio y promoción de venta de alcohol (r=0,739, p=0,040). CONCLUSIONES: El efecto de la implementación de las políticas de control se evidencia en una mayor relación con la mortalidad por cáncer oral en los países con menor avance en su ejecución

OBJECTIVE: Mortality from oral cancer, the prevalence of the main risk factors and the implementation of policies to control current trends and the distribution of data among the countries of Latin America. The objective of this study was to describe the trends of mortality from oral cancer between 2000 and 2017, by sex, in 20 countries in Latin America, and to know the effect of measures to control tobacco consumption and alcohol consumption on the Mortality from oral cancer. METHODS: Ecological study that evaluates the relationship between the rates standardized by the age of cancer by oral sex, the prevalence of tobacco consumption and alcohol consumption, and the implementation of control policies. To calculate the annual percentage change of the rates, the Prais-Winsten regression was used; and the effect of measures of control of risk factors on oral cancer mortality is assessed by Spearman correlations. RESULTS: The greatest decreases in oral cancer mortality were in men in Brazil (APC -7.83, -14.25,-0.93). Mortality from cancer the oral relationship between men and the prevalence of tobacco consumption and alcohol consumption (r = 0.358, r 0.537) (p <0.01), and between the non-implementation of control policies of smoking (r = 0.738) (p= 0.003), the restrictions on the hours and days of sale of alcohol (r = 0.777, p = 0.001), and the states on sponsorship and promotion of alcohol sales (r =0.739 , p =0.040). CONCLUSIONS: The effect of the implementation of control policies is evidenced by a greater relationship with oral cancer mortality in the countries with the least progress in their execution